Abordagem das emergências hipertensivas / Approach of the hypertensive emergencies

As emergências hipertensivas são situações clínicas de extrema gravidade que são observadas com frequência na prática clínica em pronto atendimento ou unidades de terapia intensiva. O reconhecimento das principais emergências hipertensivas, que incluem edema agudo dos pulmões, síndrome coronária aguda, encefalopatia hipertensiva, acidente vascular cerebral e dissecção de aorta, entre outras, é de extrema importância para uma abordagem terapêutica mais adequada e redução da morbidade e mortalidade associadas. História e exame físico bem orientados para os principais órgãos-alvo da hipertensão, seguidos de exames complementares específi cos, auxiliam para um diagnóstico correto e um tratamento mais efi caz.

Hypertensive emergencies are extremely severe clinical situations frequently observed in clinical practice in intensive care unit or emergency room. The knowledge of main hypertensive emergencies, including acute pulmonary edema, acute coronary syndrome, hypertensive encephalopathy, cerebral vascular accident and aortic dissection, among others, is extremely important for a more adequate therapeutic approach and for a reduction in associated morbidity and mortality. History and physical examination well directed to the main target organ of hypertension, followed by complementary specifi c exams, are helpful for a correct diagnosis and effective treatment.

Estudo multicêntrico nacional para avaliação da eficácia e tolerabilidade da nifedipina oros em hipertensão arterial leve a moderada / Multicenter National Study for the evaluation of the efficacy and tolerance of nifedipine oral release osmotic system in mild to moderate hypertension

PURPOSE--Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of nifedipine oros in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension without major target organ damage and the anti-hypertensive effect along the 24 hours. METHODS--Two hundred and three patients were studied. After two weeks placebo running period single dose of nifedipine oros (30 mg/day) was administered for 8 weeks. At the end of the 4th week, the non-responders (diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg or reduction in diastolic pressure < 10 mmHg), had the dosage increased to 60 mg/day. Laboratory tests and 24h blood pressure monitoring (60 patients) were performed at the beginning and at the end of the study. RESULTS--One hundred and ninety one patients completed the study. Fifty nine percent were considered responders at the end of the 4th week with nifedipine oros 30 mg/day and 41 needed dosage increment to 60 mg/day. At the end of the 8th week, all patients were considered responders to nifedipine oros. The blood pressure control extended throughout the 24h of the day. The most common adverse events were edema (14.6) and headache (12.4). Good and very good tolerability were informed by 85 of the patients. CONCLUSION--Nifedipine oros was able to control blood pressure efficaciously along the 24h period without important side effects. The possibility of once day dosage, increases the patient adherence to anti-hypertensive therapy.

Estudo multicêntrico brasileiro de avaliaçäo de eficácia clínica e tolerabilidade da isradipina SRO através da monitorizaçäo ambulatorial da pressäo arterial no tratamento da hipertensäo arterial leve e moderada / Tolerability and Antihypertensive Effects of Isradipine SRO on Clinical and Ambulatorial Blood Pressure Monitoring in Essential Hypertensives. A Brazilian Multicenter Study

PURPOSE--To evaluate clinical efficacy and tolerability of isradipine SRO (I.SRO), 5 mg O.D. in essential hypertensives. METHODS--Eighty-three of 87 selected outpatients with a mean age of 51.3 years (ranging from 25 to 65), 33 male, 48 white, 29 black and others of different races, who had clinical supine and orthostatic diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > or = 95 mmHg and < or = 115 mmHg underwent the study. After a three-week wash-out period, patients received I.SRO 5 mg O.D. at 8:00 am for a six-week period (phase I). After this phase, patients received I.SRO 5 mg O.D. at 8:00 pm for a six-week period (phase II). The patients had a follow-up with an interval of three weeks and the ambulatorial blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for 24 hours was performed with a SpaceLabs 90207 or Del Mar Avionics devices after the wash-out period and at the end of phases I and II. Measurements were performed at 15-min intervals during the day (6 am to 10 pm) and at 30-min intervals during the night (10 pm to 6 am). RESULTS--a) Heart rate did not show significant changes during the treatment period (phases I and II) when compared with the wash-out period; b) causal blood pressure: at the end of both treatment periods (phases I and II) there were statistically significant decreases (p < 0.001) in supine SBP and DBP compared with wash-out values. The mean SBP decreased from 161.6 +/- 14 to 144.3 +/- 13 mmHg (phase I) and to 141.8 +/- 13 mmHg (phase II). The mean DBP decreased from 103.4 +/- 6 to 91.2 +/- 7 (phase I) and to 89.1 +/- 8 (phase II); c) ABPM: the mean systolic 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) from 148.8 +/- 17 to 137.2 +/- 15 mmHg (phase I) and to 133.4 +/- 13 mmHg (phase II). The mean diastolic 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) from 94.3 +/- 9 to 87.0 +/- 9 (phase I) and to 85.8 +/- 8 mmHg (phase II). The mean daytime and nighttime, systolic and diastolic 24-h ambulatory blood pressure were: wash-out--152.3 +/- 17, 140.2 +/- 21, 97.4 +/- 9, 86.8 +/- 13; phase I--139.9 +/- 15, 130.0 +/- 17, 89.3 +/- 9, 81.3 +/- 10; phase II--136.7 +/- 13, 125.3 +/- 15, 88.5 +/- 8, 79.1 +/- 10, respectively. Blood pressure load (percentage of systolic blood pressure values > 140 mmHg or of diastolic blood pressure values > 90 mmHg) was significantly reduced from 62.2/62 per cent (SBP/DBP), on the was-out, to 37.9/39.9 per cent (SBP/DBP) on phase I and to 32.3/34.3 per cent (SBP/DBP) on phase II; d) side effects: most frequently related were palpitations (2.3 per cent ), headache (1.1 per cent ), flush (1 per cent ) and ankle oedema (1 per cent ). They were in general, mild-to-moderate and disappeared after the first 3 weeks of treatment. Only two patients were withdrawn because of headache (one of them with previous diagnosis of migraine). CONCLUSION--I.SRO, given by oral route, in the dosage of 5 mg O.D. as monotherapy, was effective and well tolerated, promoted significant reduction on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure attenuating the early morning rise and did not interfere with the circadian rhythm of blood pressure. No significant differences were detected in the BP lowering effect when I.SRO was given during the morning or evening. These results may indicate that the drug is as suitable as one of the first choice for treating mild and moderate hypertensive patients

Fosinopril em dose única diária na hipertensäo leve e moderada: estudo multicêntrico brasileiro / Fosinopril once a day in mild and moderate hypertension. Brazilian Multicenter Trial

Objetivo - Avaliar a eficácia e segurança do fosinpril administrado isoladamente em dose única diária (10mg/dia ou 20mg/dia) durante 12 semanas a pacientes com hipertensäo essencial leve e moderada näo complicada, segundo esquema aberto, comparativo com placebo. Métodos - Cento e dezenove pacientes (idade 52 ñ 11 anos, média ñ dp, limites: 17 a 76 anos), 86 mulheres e 33 homens, 57// brancos, 26// negros e 17// mestiços, 71 hipertensos leves (95 ó pressäo diastólica ó 104mmHg) e 48 hipertensos moderados (104 < pressäo diastólica ó 115mmHg). Resultados - Houve reduçäo significativa (p < 0,05) da pressäo arterial sistólica/diastólica na 6ª semana de tratamento com fosinopril em relaçäo ao início do tratamento (de 161 ñ 16/103 ñ 7 antes do tratamento para 148 ñ 16/94 ñ 9mmHg na 6ª semana de tratamento, n = 114 pacientes). Na 12ª semana de tratamento verificou-se reduçäo adicional significativa da pressäo arterial sistólica/diastólica em relaçäo à avaliaçäo da 6ª semana (de 148 ñ 16/94 na 6ª semana de tratamento para 145 ñ 17/89 ñ 8mmHg na 12ª semana de tratamento, n = 113 pacientes). Houve resposta favorável em 71// dos pacientes estudados na 12ª semana de tratamento, sendo normalizaçäo da pressäo arterial diastólica (ó 90mmHg) em 62// dos pacientes e queda ò 10// em 9// dos pacientes. Näo houve diferenças significantes nos índices de normalizaçäo da pressäo diastólica ao se comparar pacientes brancos aos näo brancos, hipertensos leves e moderados, obesos e näo obesos, acima e abaixo de 50 anos e nos que recebiam de 1 a 3 drogas antes do estudo. Näo foram varificadas variaçöes clinicamente signficativas nas avaliaçöes laboratoriais antes e ao final do tratamento. Houve reduçäo muito importante do número de reaçöes adversas relatadas nas avaliaçöes realizadas na 6ª e 12ª semanas de tratamento com fosinopril em relaçäo ao tratamento anterior. Conclusäo - O fosinopril mostra-se seguro e eficaz no tratamento da hipertensäo arterial tendo sido igualmente eficaz em hipertensos leves e moderados, brancos e näo brancos, obesos e näo obesos, acima e abaixo de 50 anos e nos que recebiam de 0 a 3 drogas antes do estudo

Purpose - To evaluate during 12 weeks the effectiveness and safety of once-a-day fosinopril (10 or 20mg/day comparative to placebo) in mild to moderate hypertensives according to an open design comparative to placebo. Methods - One hyndred and nineteen patients were studied; 52 ± 11 years (mean ± sd) range 18 a 76 years, 86 women and 33 men, 57% whites, 26% blacks and 17% mulattos, 71 mild hypertensives (95 £ diastolic pressure £ 104mmHg) e 48 moderate hypertensives (101 < diastolic pressure £ 115mmHg). Results - There was a significant reduction in systolic/diastolic pressure on the 6th week of treatment (from 161 ± 16/103 ± 7 before to 148 ± 16/94 ± 9mmHg on the 6th week). On the 12th week of treatment there was an additional significant reduction in systolic/diastolic pressure (from 148 ± 16/94 ± 9 on the 6th week to 145 ± 17/89 ± 8mmHg on the 12th week). There was a "favorable" response in 71% of the patients on the 12th week; 62% showed diastolic pressure £ 90mmHg and 9% presented diastolic reduction ³ 10mmHg. There was no difference in the normalization rates between whites and non-whites, mild and moderate hypertensive, obese and non-obese patients, under or above 50 years of age and those patients from no drug-treatment to those on 3 drug before the study. There was no clinically relevant changes in laboratory evaluations before and at the end of the study. The number of adverse reactions was reduced in comparison with previous treatment. Conclusion - Fosinopril, according to our and others data, is effective and safe for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertensives, in whites or non-whites, obese or non-obese, younger or older than 50 years and receiving 0 or 3 drugs before the study